The reduction of the positive charges of polylysine by partial gluconoylation increases the transfection efficiency of polylysine/DNA complexes

A polylysine partially substituted with polyhydroxyalkanoyl residues and specially with gluconoyl residues was developed in order to increase the transfection efficiency by decreasing the strength of the electrostatic interactions between the DNA and the cationic polymer. Partially gluconoylated polylysine/DNA complexes were more easily dissociated in solution and their transfection efficiency in the presence of chloroquine, evaluated with HepG2 cells, a human hepatocarcinoma line, was higher when 43 +/- 4% of the epsilon-amino groups of polylysine were blocked with gluconoyl residues. Partially gluconoylated polylysine/plasmid complexes were efficient in transfecting different adherent as well as non-adherent eel lines. Partially gluconoylated polylysine formed highly soluble (above 100 mu g/ml in DNA) complexes with DNA plasmids. In addition, partially gluconoylated polylysine bearing few lactosyl residues increased the transfection efficiency of HepG2 cells which express a galactose-specific membrane lectin.