Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 interaction with alpha-synuclein enhances cell death through the Nuclear Factor-kB pathway

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by intracellular inclusions named Lewy bodies (LB), and alpha-synuclein (asyn) is the major component of these protein aggregates. The precise physiological and pathological roles of asyn are not fully understood. Nevertheless, asyn present in LB is ubiquitinated but fails to reach the 26S proteasome. The mutation A30 P is related to an aggressive and early-onset form of PD. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and it interacts and ubiquitinates the asyn in atypical chains (lysine K6, K27, K29, and K33). Methods: Here, we investigated the role of TRAF6 interaction with asyn and the involvement of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), a key transcription factor in pro-inflammatory signaling pathway activation. Results and Conclusion: We demonstrated that TRAF6 binds to both WT and the mutant form A30 P asyn in an SH-SY5Y cell model. Additionally, the interaction between TRAF6 and WT asyn induced an increase in the activation of NF-kappa B, leading to changes in TNF, IL-1 beta and IL-10 levels and culminating in reduced cell viability. Interestingly, the activation of NF-kappa B and gene regulation were not found in A30 P asyn. These data point to a novel role of TRAF6 in the pathophysiology of PD.