Periodic Structures With Higher Symmetries: Their Applications in Electromagnetic Devices

Higher symmetries can be employed not only to create artistic creations but also as tools for a better description of space. The understanding of periodic structures achieved maturity during the 2000s, with the arrival of concepts such as metamaterials. Researchers are entering the third decade of the 21st century, and powerful computers are easily accessible, commercial software for simulation is commonly available, and periodic structures are broadly understood due to studies on metamaterials and metasurfaces. This opportunity is evolving as the industry demands electromagnetic systems operating at higher frequencies. At these frequency ranges, there is a need for low-loss structures, which can be achieved only with fully metallic devices and integrated antennas and circuits.