Kinetics characteristics and microwave reduction behavior of walnut shell-pyrolusite blends

Combining biomass pyrolysis with microwave heating technologies provides a novel and efficient approach for low-grade pyrolusite reduction. The microwave reduction behavior and pyrolysis kinetic characteristics of walnut shell-pyrolusite blends were explored. Results indicated the optimal reduction parameters were: reduction temperature of 650 degrees C, holding time of 30 min, M-bio/M-ore of 1.8:10, and microwave power of 1200 W. The co-pyrolysis characteristics of the blends included four stages: dehydration, pre-pyrolysis, intense pyrolysis and reduction, and slow pyrolysis and reduction. Fitting analysis based on Coats-Redfern method revealed that chemical reaction was the control step of the process of reducing pyrolusite by biomass, which the finding matched to the isothermal kinetic analysis results determined through unreacted shrinking nuclear model. The activation energies and pre-exponential factors were determined at 5.62 kJ. mol(-1) -16.69 kJ.mol(-1) and 0.0426 min(-1 )-0.515 min(-1). The work provides sound references for promoting the industrial application of the combined method on minerals reduction.