Chrysomelidae Coleoptera living off oil palm and coconut, and their parasitoids

Oil palm and coconut, which cover more than 15 million hectares, are hosts to a very large number of Chrysomelidae species, both in the regions of origin of these two plants and in extension zones. These pests belong to four of the twenty Chrysomelidae sub-families, but it is among the Hispinae that the largest number of species is found, including some very serious pests. This sub-family can be divided into two major groups : leaf miners, including the species of the African and Madagascan Coelaenomenodera genera, Asian Promecotheca and American Hispoleptis, along with browsers such as Cryptonichini in Asia and Alurnini in America. Development of all these species is countered by a large number of parasitoids and predators.