Recent trends in tree-ring records from high elevation sites in the Andes of northern Patagonia

A new set of tree-ring records from the Andes of northern Patagonist, Argentina (41 degrees S) was used to evaluate recent (i.e., fast 250 years) regional trends in tree growth at upper treeline. Fifteen tree-ring chronologies from 1200 to 1750 m elevation were developed for Nathofagus pumilio, the dominant subalpine species. Samples were collected along three elevational transects located along the steep west-to-east precipitation gradient from the main Cordillera (mean annual precipitation > 4000 mm) to an eastern outlier of the Andes (mean annual precipitation > 2000 mm). Ring-width variation in higher elevation tree-ring records from the main Cordillera is mainly related to changes in temperature and precipitation during spring and summer. However, the response to climatic variation is also influenced by local site factors of elevation and exposure. Based on the relationships between Nothofagus growth and climate, we reconstructed changes in snow cover duration in late spring and variations in mean annual temperature since A.D. 1750. Abrupt interannual changes in the mean annual temperature reconstruction are associated with strong to very strong Fl Nino-Southern Oscillation events. At upper treeline, tree growth since 1977 has been anomalously high. A sharp rise in global average tropospheric temperatures has been recorded since the mid-1970s in response to an enhanced tropical hydrologic cycle due to an increase in temperature of the tropical Pacific. Temperatures in northern Patagonia have been anomalously high throughout the 1980s, which is consistent with positive temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific and along the western coast of the Americas at ca. 40 degrees S latitude. Our 250-year temperature reconstruction indicates that although the persistently high temperatures of the 1980s are uncommon during this period, they are not unprecedented. Tropical climatic episodes similar to that observed during the 1980s may have occurred in the recent past under pre-industrial carbon dioxide levels.