A Human Bone Marrow 3D Model to Investigate the Dynamics and Interactions Between Resident Cells in Physiological or Tumoral Contexts

The medullary niche is a complex ecosystem that is essential to maintain homeostasis for resident cells. Indeed, the bone marrow, which includes a complex extracellular matrix and various cell types, such as mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, and endothelial cells, is deeply involved in hematopoietic stem cell regulation through direct cell-cell interactions, as well as cytokine production. To closely mimic this in vivo structure and conduct experiments reflecting the responses of the human bone marrow, several 3D models have been created based on biomaterials, relying primarily on primary stromal cells. Here, a protocol is described to obtain a minimal and standardized system that is easy to set up and provides features of bone marrow -like structure, which combines different cell populations including endothelial cells, and reflects the heterogeneity of in vivo bone marrow tissue. This 3D bone marrow -like structure-assembled using calcium phosphate-based particles and human cell lines, representative of the bone marrow microenvironment-allows the monitoring of a wide variety of biological processes by combining or replacing different primary cell populations within the system. The final 3D structures can then either be harvested for image analysis after fixation, paraffin-embedding, and histological/ immunohistochemical staining for cell localization within the system, or dissociated to collect each cellular component for molecular or functional characterization.