We consider the habitability of Earth-analogs around stars of different masses, which is regulated by the stellar lifetime, stellar wind-induced atmospheric erosion, and biologically active ultraviolet (UV) irradiance. By estimating the timescales associated with each of these processes, we show that they collectively impose limits on the habitability of Earth-analogs. We conclude that planets orbiting most M-dwarfs are riot likely to host life, and that the highest probability of complex biospheres is for planets around K- and C-type stars. Our analysis suggests that the current existence of life near the Sun is slightly unusual, but not significantly anomalous.
机构:
NATL SOLAR OBSERV, USAF, PHILLIPS LAB, SOLAR RES BRANCH, SUNSPOT, NM 88349 USANATL SOLAR OBSERV, USAF, PHILLIPS LAB, SOLAR RES BRANCH, SUNSPOT, NM 88349 USA
Lockwood, GW
Skiff, BA
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NATL SOLAR OBSERV, USAF, PHILLIPS LAB, SOLAR RES BRANCH, SUNSPOT, NM 88349 USANATL SOLAR OBSERV, USAF, PHILLIPS LAB, SOLAR RES BRANCH, SUNSPOT, NM 88349 USA
Skiff, BA
Radick, RR
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NATL SOLAR OBSERV, USAF, PHILLIPS LAB, SOLAR RES BRANCH, SUNSPOT, NM 88349 USANATL SOLAR OBSERV, USAF, PHILLIPS LAB, SOLAR RES BRANCH, SUNSPOT, NM 88349 USA
机构:
Chinese Acad Sci, Yunnan Observ, Kunming 650011, Peoples R China
Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Sch Astron & Space Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China
Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Struct & Evolut Celestial Objects, Kunming 650011, Peoples R ChinaChinese Acad Sci, Yunnan Observ, Kunming 650011, Peoples R China
机构:
Univ Lisbon, Inst Super Tecn, Ctr Multidisciplinar Astrofis, Av Rovisco Pais, P-1049001 Lisbon, PortugalUniv Lisbon, Inst Super Tecn, Ctr Multidisciplinar Astrofis, Av Rovisco Pais, P-1049001 Lisbon, Portugal
Lopes, Ilidio
Silk, Joseph
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Univ Paris 06, UMR 7095, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, 98 Bis Blvd Arago, F-75014 Paris, France
Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 3701 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USAUniv Lisbon, Inst Super Tecn, Ctr Multidisciplinar Astrofis, Av Rovisco Pais, P-1049001 Lisbon, Portugal