We consider the habitability of Earth-analogs around stars of different masses, which is regulated by the stellar lifetime, stellar wind-induced atmospheric erosion, and biologically active ultraviolet (UV) irradiance. By estimating the timescales associated with each of these processes, we show that they collectively impose limits on the habitability of Earth-analogs. We conclude that planets orbiting most M-dwarfs are riot likely to host life, and that the highest probability of complex biospheres is for planets around K- and C-type stars. Our analysis suggests that the current existence of life near the Sun is slightly unusual, but not significantly anomalous.
机构:
Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
Univ Washington, NASA Nexus Exoplanet Syst Sci, Virtual Planetary Lab Team, Seattle, WA 98195 USAUniv Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
Krissansen-Totton, Joshua
Fortney, Jonathan J.
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Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USAUniv Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
Fortney, Jonathan J.
Nimmo, Francis
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Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USAUniv Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
Nimmo, Francis
Wogan, Nicholas
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Univ Washington, NASA Nexus Exoplanet Syst Sci, Virtual Planetary Lab Team, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USAUniv Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
机构:
Natl Solar Observ, Air Force Lab, Space Hazards Branch, Sunspot, NM 88349 USANatl Solar Observ, Air Force Lab, Space Hazards Branch, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA
Radick, RR
Lockwood, GW
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机构:Natl Solar Observ, Air Force Lab, Space Hazards Branch, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA
Lockwood, GW
Skiff, BA
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机构:Natl Solar Observ, Air Force Lab, Space Hazards Branch, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA
Skiff, BA
Baliunas, SL
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机构:Natl Solar Observ, Air Force Lab, Space Hazards Branch, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA
机构:
Kyoto Univ, Kwasan Observ, Yamashina Ku, Kyoto 6078471, Japan
Kyoto Univ, Hida Observ, Yamashina Ku, Kyoto 6078471, JapanKyoto Univ, Kwasan Observ, Yamashina Ku, Kyoto 6078471, Japan
Nogami, Daisaku
Notsu, Yuta
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机构:
Kyoto Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Astron, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, JapanKyoto Univ, Kwasan Observ, Yamashina Ku, Kyoto 6078471, Japan
Notsu, Yuta
Honda, Satoshi
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Univ Hyogo, Ctr Astron, Sayo, Hyogo 6795313, JapanKyoto Univ, Kwasan Observ, Yamashina Ku, Kyoto 6078471, Japan
Honda, Satoshi
Maehara, Hiroyuki
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Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Inst Astron, Kiso Observ, Kiso, Nagano 3970101, JapanKyoto Univ, Kwasan Observ, Yamashina Ku, Kyoto 6078471, Japan
Maehara, Hiroyuki
Notsu, Shota
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Kyoto Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Astron, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, JapanKyoto Univ, Kwasan Observ, Yamashina Ku, Kyoto 6078471, Japan
Notsu, Shota
Shibayama, Takuya
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Kyoto Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Astron, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan
Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, JapanKyoto Univ, Kwasan Observ, Yamashina Ku, Kyoto 6078471, Japan
Shibayama, Takuya
Shibata, Kazunari
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机构:
Kyoto Univ, Kwasan Observ, Yamashina Ku, Kyoto 6078471, Japan
Kyoto Univ, Hida Observ, Yamashina Ku, Kyoto 6078471, JapanKyoto Univ, Kwasan Observ, Yamashina Ku, Kyoto 6078471, Japan