Northern agriculture: Constraints and responses to global climate change

In the northern circumpolar zone, the area between the 600 degrees Cd and 1200 degrees Cd isopleths of effective temperature sum above 5 degrees C, the annual receipt of solar energy is limited by the low angle of radiation arriving at the earth's surface. This is the primary cause of the climatic constraints observed in the zone, such as low temperatures, a short growing season, frosts during the growing season, long and cold winters and thick snow cover. In Finland, the length of the growing season varies from 180 days in the south (60 degrees N) to 120 days in the north (70 degrees N). Consequently, the growing time for crops from sowing to ripening is also short, which limits their ability to produce high yields. The most advanced forms of farming in the high-latitude zone are encountered towards the south in Northern Europe, central Siberia and the prairies of Canada, i.e. mainly in the phytogeographical hemiboreal zone where the effective temperature sum is higher than 1200 degrees Cd. Conditions for agriculture then deteriorate gradually further north with the cooling of the climate, and this is reflected as an increase in cattle rearing at the expense of grain cultivation. In northern Europe farming is practised as far north as to the Arctic Circle, at about 66 degrees N latitude. In North America, fields extend to about 55 degrees N. In Asia, there are few fields north of 60 degrees N. Finland is the most northern agricultural country in the world, with all its field area, about 2.5 million hectares, located north of latitude 60 degrees N. Changes in the climate and atmospheric CO2 predicted for the future are likely to have a strong influence, either beneficial or disadvantageous, on the conditions for growth in northern areas where the annual mean temperature is 5 degrees C or less.