Psychological well-being and mortality: longitudinal findings from Lithuanian middle-aged and older adults study

BackgroundThe study aimed to examine whether after confounding by possible socio-demographic and other risk factors, psychological well-being is independently associated with reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.MethodsInitial data were collected within the framework of the international project HAPIEE in 2006-2008. A random sample of 7115 individuals aged 45-72years was screened. Deaths were evaluated by death register of Kaunas city (Lithuania) in a follow-up study till 2016. Psychological well-being was evaluated by a CASP-12 questionnaire. Socio-demographic, lifestyle, biologic factors and depressive symptoms were evaluated.ResultsAge-adjusted survival curves revealed that psychological well-being predicts longevity in men and women (p<0.001). After adjustment for many possible confounders psychological well-being was independently associated with all-cause mortality in men (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.62-0.94) and women (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.56-0.96). However, psychological well-being association with cardiovascular mortality attained statistical significance only in the women's group (HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.33-0.87), but not in men (HR 0.98; 95% CI 0.72-1.33).ConclusionsPsychological well-being is an important predictor of longevity, controlling well-recognized risk factors such as age, education, cardiovascular diseases, social status, marital status, lifestyle and biological factors and depressive symptoms. Positive psychological well-being should be taken into account when screening older people to prevent negative health outcomes.