Inhibition of CYP2E1 reverses CD4+ T-cell alterations in trichloroethylene-treated MRL+/+ mice

Trichloroethylene is an organic solvent that is primarily used as a degreasing agent for metals. There is increasing evidence in both humans and animal models that trichloroethylene promotes the development of autoimmunity, but little is known about the mechanisms that mediate the effect of trichloroethylene on the immune system. Metabolic activation of trichloroethylene is considered an obligatory pathway for other known toxicities such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Trichloroethylene is metabolized by the cytochromes P450, primarily cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). To investigate whether metabolism by CYP2E1 is required for immunomodulation, we treated autoimmune prone MRL+/+ mice with trichloroethylene in the drinking water for 4 weeks, in the presence or absence of diallyl sulfide, a specific inhibitor of CYP2E1. Using an antibody that recognizes proteins covalently modified by a reactive metabolite of trichloroethylene; two immunoreactive proteins were detected in liver microsomes from trichloroethylene-treated mice. Formation of these trichloroethylene-protein adducts, an indicator of metabolic activation, was completely inhibited in animals that were concomitantly treated with trichloroethylene and diallyl sulfide. The level of CYP2E1 apoprotein in liver microsomes was significantly reduced in the presence of diallyl sulfide. The enhanced mitogen-induced proliferative capacity of T cells from trichloroethylene-treated MRL+/+ mice was inhibited if the mice were also treated with diallyl sulfide. In addition, the reduction in interleukin-4 Levels secreted by activated CD4(+) T cells from trichloroethylene-treated mice was reversed if the mice were also treated with diallyl sulfide. Taken collectively, metabolism of trichloroethylene by CYP2E1 is responsible, at least in part, for the CD4(+) T cell alterations associated with exposure to this environmental toxicant.