Accuracy of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) for assessing steatosis and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease, and among the non-invasive tests, controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) have shown better diagnostic performance in NAFLD. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the performance of CAP and LSM for assessing steatosis and fibrosis in NAFLD. Methods We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases for relevant articles published up to February 13th, 2022, and selected studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and evaluated the quality of evidence. Then we pooled sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), and area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves. A random effect model was applied regardless of heterogeneity. Meta-regression analysis and subgroup analysis were performed to explore heterogeneity, and Fagan plot analysis was used to evaluate clinical utility. This meta-analysis was completed in Nanjing, Jiangsu and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022309965). Findings A total of 10537 patients from 61 studies were included in our meta-analysis. The AUROC of CAP were 0.924, 0.794 and 0.778 for steatosis grades >= S1, >= S2 and = S3, respectively, and the AUROC of LSM for detecting fibrosis stages >= F1, >= F2, >= F3, and = F4 were 0.851, 0.830, 0.897 and 0.925, respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that BMI >= 30 kg/m(2) had lower accuracy for diagnosing S >= S1, >= S2 than BMI<30 kg/m(2). For the mean cut-off values, significant differences were found in CAP values among different body mass index (BMI) populations and LSM values among different regions. For diagnosing S >= S1, >= S2 and = S3, the mean CAP cut-off values for BMI >= 30 kg/m(2) were 30.7, 28.2, and 27.9 dB/m higher than for BMI < 30 kg/m(2) (P = 0.001, 0.001 and 0.018, respectively). For diagnosing F >= F2 and = F4, the mean cut-off values of Europe and America were 0.96 and 2.03 kPa higher than Asia (P = 0.027, P = 0.034), respectively. In addition, the results did not change significantly after sensitivity analysis and the trim and fill method to correct for publication bias, proving that the conclusions are robust. Interpretation The good performance of CAP and LSM for the diagnosis of mild steatosis (S >= S1), advanced liver fibrosis (F >= F3), and cirrhosis (F = F4) can be used to screen for NAFLD in high-risk populations. Of note, the accuracy of CAP for the detection of steatosis in patients with obesity is reduced and requires specific diagnostic values. For LSM, the same diagnostic values can be used when the appropriate probes are selected based on BMI and the automated probe selection tool. The performance of CAP and LSM in assessing steatosis in patients with obesity, moderate to severe steatosis, and low-grade fibrosis should be further validated and improved in the future. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)