3D-printed anatomical models of the cystic duct and its variants, a low-cost solution for an in-house built simulator for laparoscopic surgery training

Objectives To explore a method to create affordable anatomical models of the biliary tree that are adequate for training laparoscopic cholecystectomy with an in-house built simulator. Methods We used a fused deposition modeling 3D printer to create molds of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) from Digital Imaging and Communication on Medicine (DICOM) images, and the molds were filled with silicone rubber. Thirteen surgeons with 4-5-year experience in the procedure evaluated the molds using a low-cost in-house built simulator utilizing a 5-point Likert-type scale. Results Molds produced through this method had a consistent anatomical appearance and overall realism that evaluators agreed or definitely agreed (4.5/5). Evaluators agreed on recommending the mold for resident surgical training. Conclusions 3D-printed molds created through this method can be applied to create affordable high-quality educational anatomical models of the biliary tree for training laparoscopic cholecystectomy.