Low-Surface Energy Surfactants with Branched Hydrocarbon Architectures

Surface tensiometry and small-angle neutron scattering have been used to characterize a new class of low-surface energy surfactants (LSESs), "hedgehog" surfactants. These surfactants are based on highly branched hydrocarbon (HC) chains as replacements for environmentally hazardous fluorocarbon surfactants and polymers. Tensiometric analyses indicate that a subtle structural modification in the tails and headgroup results in significant effects on limiting surface tensions gamma(cmc) at the critical micelle concentration: a higher level of branching and an increased counterion size promote an effective reduction of surface tension to low values for HC surfactants (gamma(cmc) similar to 24 mN m(-1)). These LSESs present a new class of potentially very important materials, which form lamellar aggregates in aqueous solutions independent of dilution.