Noninvasive monitoring of diabetes and hypoxia by wearable flow-through biosensors

Noninvasively collected sweat via clinically relevant procedure can be used for assessing the human condition, particularly for monitoring of diabetes and hypoxia. Positive correlations in variation rates, claimed as sufficient requirements for diagnostics, between glucose and lactate concentrations in sweat and the corresponding values in blood are shown. Continuous monitoring of human condition is possible only with the use of flow-through wearable devices providing a delivery of sweat to the biosensor almost immediately after excretion. Owing to both low sweat glucose content and inactivation of platinum by sweat components, the use of Prussian blue-based biosensors for wearable devices is preferable. Operation of the latter in power generation mode allows significant noise reduction and clear readout of the signal. Evaluating blood glucose through sweat analysis upon glucose tolerance test, we clearly show that humans can actually be monitored reliably via noninvasive approach.