A review of culturally adapted versions of the Oswestry Disability Index: the adaptation process, construct validity, test-retest reliability and internal consistency

The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is a self-report-based outcome measure used to quantify the extent of disability related to low back pain (LBP), a substantial contributor to workplace absenteeism. The ODI tool has been adapted for use by patients in several non-English speaking nations. It is unclear, however, if these adapted versions of the ODI are as credible as the original ODI developed for English-speaking nations. The objective of this study was to conduct a review of the literature to identify culturally adapted versions of the ODI and to report on the adaptation process, construct validity, test-retest reliability and internal consistency of these ODIs. Following a pragmatic review process, data were extracted from each study with regard to these four outcomes. While most studies applied adaptation processes in accordance with best-practice guidelines, there were some deviations. However, all studies reported high-quality psychometric properties: group mean construct validity was 0.7340.094 (indicated via a correlation coefficient), test-retest reliability was 0.9370.032 (indicated via an intraclass correlation coefficient) and internal consistency was 0.8760.047 (indicated via Cronbach's alpha). Researchers can be confident when using any of these culturally adapted ODIs, or when comparing and contrasting results between cultures where these versions were employed.Implications for RehabilitationLow back pain is the second leading cause of disability in the world, behind only cancer.The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) has been developed as a self-report outcome measure of low back pain for administration to patients.An understanding of the various cross-cultural adaptations of the ODI is important for more concerted multi-national research efforts.This review examines 16 cross-cultural adaptations of the ODI and should inform the work of health care and rehabilitation professionals.