Settlement of piled foundations

A numerical code for the prediction of the settlement of pile groups and piled rafts is presented. The code is based on the interaction factors method; the non-linearity is simulated as suggested by Caputo and Viggiani, that is, concentrating it at the pile-soil interface. In the linear range, the accuracy is checked against known benchmark solutions. A standard procedure, based on the results of load tests on single piles, is suggested for the evaluation of soil properties and for the implementation of the analysis in real cases. Nineteen well-documented case histories are then analysed, calculating for each of them a linear elastic, an equivalent linear elastic and a non-linear solution. Five out of the 19 cases are illustrated in some detail, to allow a deeper insight into the procedure. In all but one of the analysed cases the predicted values of the average settlement are within +/-20% of the observed values. The maximum differential settlement is predicted with slightly lesser accuracy. For foundations characterized by a relatively high safety factor, linear and non-linear analyses are essentially equivalent. Some evidence suggests that the low-strain shear modulus, obtained by in situ shear wave velocity measurements, can be successfully employed in the prediction of the settlement. When the safety factor is low, the consideration of nonlinearity becomes mandatory.