Upper Limits on the 21cm Epoch of Reionization Power Spectrum from One Night with LOFAR

被引：196

作者：

Patil, A. H. ^{[1
]}

Yatawatta, S. ^{[1
,2
]}

Koopmans, L. V. E. ^{[1
]}

de Bruyn, A. G. ^{[1
,2
]}

Brentjens, M. A. ^{[2
]}

Zaroubi, S. ^{[1
,3
]}

Asad, K. M. B. ^{[1
,4
,5
]}

Hatef, M. ^{[1
]}

Jelic, V. ^{[1
,2
,6
]}

Mevius, M. ^{[1
,2
]}

Offringa, A. R. ^{[2
]}

Pandey, V. N. ^{[1
]}

Vedantham, H. ^{[1
,7
]}

Abdalla, F. B. ^{[4
,8
]}

Brouw, W. N. ^{[1
]}

Chapman, E. ^{[8
,9
]}

Ciardi, B. ^{[10
]}

Gehlot, B. K. ^{[1
]}

Ghosh, A. ^{[1
,5
]}

Harker, G. ^{[1
,8
,11
]}

Iliev, I. T. ^{[12
]}

Kakiichi, K. ^{[10
]}

Majumdar, S. ^{[9
]}

Mellema, G. ^{[13
,14
]}

Silva, M. B. ^{[1
]}

Schaye, J. ^{[15
]}

Vrbanec, D. ^{[10
]}

Wijnholds, S. J. ^{[2
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, POB 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands

[2] ASTRON, POB 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands

[3] Open Univ, Dept Nat Sci, 1 Univ Rd,POB 808, IL-4353701 Raanana, Israel

[4] Rhodes Univ, Dept Phys Elect, POB 94, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa

[5] Univ Western Cape, Dept Phys, ZA-7535 Cape Town, South Africa

[6] Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Bijenicka Cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia

[7] CALTECH, Cahill Ctr Astron & Astrophys, MC 249-17, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[8] UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England

[9] Imperial Coll, Blackett Lab, Dept Phys, London SW7 2AZ, England

[10] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Karl Schwarzschild Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany

[11] Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA

[12] Univ Sussex, Dept Phys & Astron, Astron Ctr, Pevensey 2 Bldg, Brighton BN1 9QH, E Sussex, England

[13] Stockholm Univ, Dept Astron, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[14] Stockholm Univ, Oskar Klein Ctr Cosmoparticle Phys AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[15] Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands

来源：

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL | 2017年 / 838卷 / 01期

基金：

欧洲研究理事会; 英国科学技术设施理事会;

关键词：

dark ages; reionization; first stars;

D O I：

10.3847/1538-4357/aa63e7

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

We present the first limits on the Epoch of Reionization 21 cm H I power spectra, in the redshift range z = 7.910.6, using the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) High-Band Antenna (HBA). In total, 13.0 hr of data were used from observations centered on the North Celestial Pole. After subtraction of the sky model and the noise bias, we detect a non-zero Delta(2)(I)=(56 +/- 13 mK)(2) (1-sigma) excess variance and a best 2-sigma upper limit of Delta(2)(21) < (79.6 mK)(2) at k = 0.053 h cMpc(-1) in the range z = 9.610.6. The excess variance decreases when optimizing the smoothness of the direction- and frequency-dependent gain calibration, and with increasing the completeness of the sky model. It is likely caused by (i) residual side-lobe noise on calibration baselines, (ii) leverage due to nonlinear effects, (iii) noise and ionosphere-induced gain errors, or a combination thereof. Further analyses of the excess variance will be discussed in forthcoming publications.

引用

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