Fracture toughness of the fibre-matrix interface in glass-epoxy composites

The failure process arising at a broken fibre end in polymer matrix composite materials has been studied experimentally and analytically using the finite element method. A series of experiments were carried out using S-glass and E-glass single filaments, with different sizings and/or coupling agents, embedded in epoxy matrices with different moduli. A finite element analysis was used to simulate the experiments and calculate the change in strain energy accompanying the observed fracture mode. The strain energy release rate upon arrest of the crack, G(arrest), was then calculated. The measured interface debonding energies varied from G(arrest) = 57-342 J m(-2), depending primarily on the nature of the fibre sizing and the ratio of moduli of the fibre and matrix. Transverse and shear matrix cracks were characterized by G(arrest) values of 58-103 J m(-2). Subtle changes in the constituent properties or fibre surface treatment resulted in a change in the fracture mode. This measurement and analysis technique may suggest reasons for the variability of previous measurements of interfacial adhesion, and provide a standard method for characterizing fracture modes at broken fibre ends.