Sleep deprivation induced by the modified multiple platform technique:: quantification of sleep loss and recovery

Vigilance status was continually monitored in socially stable groups of rats exposed to the modified multiple platform (MNIP) technique for sleep deprivation. For comparison, sleep parameters were also monitored in socially isolated rats deprived of sleep by the single platform (SP) method. In all cases, sleep was continuously recorded during baseline, during 96 h of sleep deprivation and during 4 days of recovery. Both multiple- and single-platform techniques completely abolished paradoxical sleep (PS) during the deprivation period, but also resulted in significant decreases in slow wave sleep (SWS) (-31% and -37%, respectively). Unexpectedly, animals oil large platforms, which are normally intended as controls, also showed significant reductions in PS and SWS, and these effects were more pronounced in rats deprived in groups than in animals deprived in isolation. Another control preparation, rats placed on wire-mesh grids in the deprivation tank, also showed PS reduction (-39%) but no loss of SWS during the 4 test days. Paradoxical sleep rebound was observed in the first 24 h in all groups, except for grid controls. Overall, no significant differences were found between single- and multiple-platform procedures during the 4 days of deprivation. However, sleep rebound was more pronounced in MMP-deprived rats than in SP-deprived rats. Sleep loss in both control groups may reflect residual effect of stress that remain in the platform technique. These findings indicate that the MMP technique is effective ill inducing PS deprivation (PSD). However, the fact that SWS is also affected may have implications for conclusions on paradoxical sleep function based upon paradoxical sleep deprivation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.