Future vision of hydrogen fuel cells: A statistical review and research on applications, socio-economic impacts and forecasting prospects

Hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs), which have shown significant technological developments in recent years, are promising alternative energy sources with high electrical efficiency and zero-emission in the coming years. Currently, these alternative sources are employed as energy units in many areas. The existing studies show that HFCs are structurally and operationally more efficient, durable, and usable year after year. However, a detailed study is needed showing the forthcoming structures, future socio-economic impacts, and production/cost prospects for the future vision of HFCs. To this end, this work aims to contribute a considerable view on the future vision of utilization and prediction in the HFC field. In this context, the forthcoming HFC structures basis fuel types and the future of hydrogen production are first presented. Further, the future applications of HFCs are detailed for potential areas like stationary, portable, transportation, and space applications. Subsequently, the expected socio-economic impacts like new job opportunities, environmental improvement, and health issues are detailed and explained for the following years. Implementation trends in several sectors like transportation, heating, industry heat, industry feedstock, and power generation are clarified for the 2050 vision. Finally, the production/cost forecasting values are demonstrated for the future vision of HFC technologies.