Determination of trace metal concentrations in different parts of the khat varieties (Catha edulis) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy technique and their human exposure assessment

被引:10
作者
Al Bratty, Mohammed [1 ]
Ahsan, Waquar [1 ]
Alhazmi, Hassan A. [1 ,2 ]
Attafi, Ibraheem M. [3 ]
Khardali, Ibrahim A. [3 ]
Abdelwahab, Siddig I. [2 ]
机构
[1] Jazan Univ, Coll Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, POB 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
[2] Jazan Univ, Subst Abuse Res Ctr, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
[3] Gen Directorate Hlth Affairs, Poison Control & Med Forens Chem Ctr, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
关键词
Acceptable daily intake; chemometric methods; inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy; Khat; metal Ions; provisional tolerable weekly intake; ELEMENTS; PLANTS; SOIL;
D O I
10.4103/pm.pm_658_18
中图分类号
R914 [药物化学];
学科分类号
100701 ;
摘要
Background: Khat (Catha edulis, family: Celastraceae) is a plant that is native to Africa and Arab peninsula and is used for their amphetamine-like properties. Although the use of Khat is banned in Saudi Arabia, people particularly in southern Jazan province manage to get it from Yemen, and the use is increasing steadily. Objective: Five most commonly used varieties of Khat namely Gaifi, Kofat, Jahasha, Faqarah Menjed, and Faqarah Aswad were selected for the study. Materials and Methods: Metal ion concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. Since Khat is available as one bundle consisting of three parts of the plant, metal ions in all three parts were determined separately for comparison purpose. The concentrations (mg/kg) of 20 metal ions were determined in Nwaif leaves (new and smaller in size), Gafra leaves (old and larger in size), and stem of the plant and compared with the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) and acceptable daily intake (ADI) of metal ions to study the health hazards posed by them. Results: The non-essential metal ion Strontium (Sr) was present in highest abundance in all the samples with a concentration range of 498.6 18.9u3837 52.1 mg/kg followed by Copper (215.4 12.3u3054 45.2 mg/kg), Zinc (23.17 0.4u1490 32.6 mg/kg), and Manganese (108 5.8u1357 18.6 mg/kg). Several toxic heavy metal ions including Arsenic, Lead, and Cadmium were also present in trace concentrations in many samples. Conclusion: Many metal ions were observed to be present in concentrations much higher than their PTWI and ADI which further allude to the extremely hazardous nature of Khat plants. Multicomponent variate analyses were also performed using chemometric methods to establish the possible correlation between samples.
引用
收藏
页码:449 / 458
页数:10
相关论文
共 37 条
  • [11] Feyisa TH, 2003, MT RES DEV, V23, P185, DOI 10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0185:KEITEH]2.0.CO
  • [12] 2
  • [13] Food and Agriculture Organization/ World Health Organization, 1993, WHO TECHN REP SER, V837
  • [14] Food and Agriculture Organization/ World Health Organization, 2010, 72 M JECFA
  • [15] Food and Agriculture Organization/ World Health Organization, 2007, WHO TECHN REP SER, V940
  • [16] ZINC TOXICITY
    FOSMIRE, GJ
    [J]. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, 1990, 51 (02) : 225 - 227
  • [17] Improving the nutrient composition of plants to enhance human nutrition and health
    Grusak, MA
    DellaPenna, D
    [J]. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 1999, 50 : 133 - 161
  • [18] Hagos T., 2010, Correlation between Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves and Soil Composition in Hararghe Region. Ethiopia
  • [19] Hart A. D., 2005, African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, V5, P1
  • [20] Biomarkers of copper status: a brief update
    Harvey, Linda J.
    McArdle, Harry J.
    [J]. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION, 2008, 99 : S10 - S13