Label-free assay for the assessment of nonspecific binding of positron emission tomography tracer candidates

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a valuable non-invasive technique for the visualization of drug tissue distribution and receptor occupancy at the target site in living animals and men. Many potential PET tracers, however, fail due to an unfavorably high non-specific binding (NSB) to non-target proteins and phospholipid membranes which compromises the sensitivity of PET. Hence, there is a high demand to assess the extent of NSB as early as possible in the PET tracer development process, preferentially before ligands are radiolabeled and elaborate imaging studies are performed. The purpose of this study was to establish a novel Lipid Membrane Binding Assay (LIMBA) for assessing the tendency of potential tracers to bind non-specifically to brain tissue. The assay works with unlabeled compounds and allows the medium-throughput measurement of brain tissue/water distribution coefficients, logD(brain) (pH 7.4), at minimal expense of animal tissue. To validate LIMBA, logDbrain (pH 7.4) values were measured and compared with NSB estimates derived from in vivo PET studies in human brain (n = 10 tracers, literature data), and in vitro autoradiography studies in rat and mouse brain slices (n = 30 tritiated radioligands). Good agreement between logDbrain (pH 7.4) and the volume of distribution in brain of non-specifically bound tracer in PET was achieved, pertaining to compounds classified as non-substrates of P-glycoprotein (R-2 >= 0.88). The ability of LIMBA for the prediction of NSB was further supported by the strong correlation between logD(brain) (pH 7.4) and NSB in brain autoradiography (R-2 = 0.76), whereas octanol/water distribution coefficients, logD(oct) (pH 7.4) were less predictive. In conclusion, LIMBA provides a fast and reliable tool for identifying compounds with unfavorably high NSB in brain tissue. The data may be used in conjunction with other parameters like target affinity, density and membrane permeability for the selection of most promising compounds to be further investigated in vivo as potential novel PET tracers. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.