Nanometer-scale characterization of microscopic pores in shale kerogen by image analysis and pore-scale modeling

Nanometer-scale scanning electron microscopy was applied in visualizing the microscopic pores within shale kerogen. Geometrical information of all individual pores was extracted by image analysis. Image segmentation and separation showed that most of the intrakerogen pores are discrete and isolated from each other, having relatively spherical morphology. These isolated intrakerogen pores result in huge challenges in gas production, because they are not effectively connected to natural and hydraulic fractures. Statistical results showed that nanopores, which have diameters smaller than 100 nm, make up 92.7% of the total pore number, while they make up only 4.5% of the total pore volume. Intrakerogen porosity and specific surface area are 29.9% and 14.0 m(2)/g, respectively. Accurate visualization and measurement of intrakerogen pores are critical for evaluation of gas storage and optimization of hydraulic fracturing. By lattice Boltzmann simulations, permeabilities and tortuosities were simulated in the three principal directions. Long tails were observed in breakthrough curves, resulting from diffusion of solute particles from low-flow-velocity pores to larger conduits at late times. The long-tailing phenomena at the pore scale are qualitatively consistent with those observed in real productions. Understanding the pore-scale transport processes between microscopic pores within kerogen and large fracture systems is of great importance in predicting hydrocarbon production. Upscaling methods are needed to investigate larger-scale processes and properties in shale reservoirs.