Retrieval-Based Learning: An Episodic Context Account

Practicing retrieval is a powerful way to promote learning and long-term retention. This chapter addresses the theoretical underpinnings of retrieval-based learning. We review methodological issues in retrieval practice research, identify key findings to be accounted for, and evaluate current candidate theories. We propose an episodic context account of retrieval-based learning, which explains retrieval practice in terms of context reinstatement, context updating, and restriction of the search set. Retrieval practice involves attempting to reinstate a prior learning context, and when retrieval is successful, the representation of context is updated to include features of retrieved contexts and the current context. Future retrieval is enhanced because updated context representations can be used to restrict the search set and hone in on a desired target. The context account accommodates a wide variety of phenomena in the retrieval practice literature and provides a comprehensive and cohesive account of retrieval-based learning.