p38α Is Active in Vitro and in Vivo When Monophosphorylated at Threonine 180

A common feature of the regulation of many protein kinases is their phosphorylation on a conserved Thr residue in the activation loop. In the family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), another phosphorylation event, on a Tyr residue neighboring this Thr (in a TXY motif), is required for activity. Many studies suggested that this dual phosphorylation is an absolute requirement for MAPK activation, assigning an equal role for the Thr and Tyr of the phosphorylation motif. Here we tested this notion by producing p38 alpha. variants carrying a T180A or Y182F mutation or both and assessing their activity in vitro and in vivo. These mutations were inserted into the p38 alpha(WT) molecule or into constitutively active variants of p38 alpha. We found that p38a molecules carrying the T180A mutations lost their activity altogether. Oil the other hand, p38 alpha(WT) and intrinsically active mutants carrying the Y182F mutation are activated by MKK6 in vitro and in vivo, although to low levels, mainly due to reduced affinity for the substrate. However, the intrinsically active variants carrying the Y182F mutation lost most of their autophosphorylation and intrinsic activities. Thus, Thr180 is essential for catalysis, whereas Tyr182 is required for autoactivation and substrate recognition. The p38 alpha(Y182F) mutants are capable of activating reporter genes, Suggesting that they are not only catalytically active to some degree but also capable of inducing the relevant downstream pathway. We suggest that p38s are active when only the Thr residue of the phosphorylation lip is phosphorylated, similar to many other kinases in nature.