Dual Effect of Soloxolone Methyl on LPS-Induced Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo

Plant-extracted triterpenoids belong to a class of bioactive compounds with pleotropic functions, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this work, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of a semisynthetic derivative of 18 beta H-glycyrrhetinic acid (18 beta H-GA), soloxolone methyl (methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxo-18 beta H-olean-9(11),1(2)-dien-30-oate, or SM) in vitro on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and in vivo in models of acute inflammation: LPS-induced endotoxemia and carrageenan-induced peritonitis. SM used at non-cytotoxic concentrations was found to attenuate the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (II) and increase the level of reduced glutathione production by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, SM strongly suppressed the phagocytic and migration activity of activated macrophages. These effects were found to be associated with the stimulation of heme oxigenase-1 (HO-1) expression, as well as with the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and Akt phosphorylation. Surprisingly, it was found that SM significantly enhanced LPS-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in RAW264.7 cells via activation of the c-Jun/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling axis. In vivo pre-exposure treatment with SM effectively inhibited the development of carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in the peritoneal cavity, but it did not improve LPS-induced inflammation in the endotoxemia model.