Secoiridoid Glucosides and Anti-Inflammatory Constituents from the Stem Bark of Fraxinus chinensis

Qin Pi (Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.) is commercially used in healthcare products for the improvement of intestinal function and gouty arthritis in many countries. Three new secoiridoid glucosides, (8E)-4 ''-O-methylligstroside (1), (8E)-4 ''-O-methyldemethylligstroside (2), and 3 '',4 ''-di-O-methyl-demethyloleuropein (3), have been isolated from the stem bark of Fraxinus chinensis, together with 23 known compounds (4-26). The structures of the new compounds were established by spectroscopic analyses (1D, 2D NMR, IR, UV, and HRESIMS). Among the isolated compounds, (8E)-4 ''-O-methylligstroside (1), (8E)-4 ''-O-methyldemethylligstroside (2), 3 '',4 ''-di-O-methyldemethyloleuropein (3), oleuropein (6), aesculetin (9), isoscopoletin (11), aesculetin dimethyl ester (12), fraxetin (14), tyrosol (21), 4-hydroxyphenethyl acetate (22), and (+)-pinoresinol (24) exhibited inhibition (IC50 <= 7.65 mu g/mL) of superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils in response to formyl-L-methionyl-L-leuckyl-L-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (fMLP/CB). Compounds 1, 9, 11, 14, 21, and 22 inhibited fMLP/CB-induced elastase release with IC50 <= 3.23 mu g/mL. In addition, compounds 2, 9, 11, 14, and 21 showed potent inhibition with IC50 values <= 27.11 mu M, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) generation. The well-known proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), were also inhibited by compounds 1, 9, and 14. Compounds 1, 9, and 14 displayed an anti-inflammatory effect against NO, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 through the inhibition of activation of MAPKs and I kappa B alpha in LPS-activated macrophages. In addition, compounds 1, 9, and 14 stimulated anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype by elevating the expression of arginase 1 and Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). The above results suggested that compounds 1, 9, and 14 could be considered as potential compounds for further development of NO production-targeted anti-inflammatory agents.