Experimental investigation of free surface vortices and definition of gas entrainment occurrence maps

For the future development of Generation IV nuclear reactors, both safety and economic targets have to be achieved. In order to increase, at the same time, the power density generation and the safety features, a huge R&D effort is still required. Referring especially to Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Reactors, much attention is placed on Gas Entrainment (GE) phenomena, which could cause unlikely positive reactivity insertion accident. The GETS experimental facility (Gas Entrainment Test Section), especially aimed at studying the free surface vortices occurrence, has been built in the thermal-hydraulics laboratory of the DIAEE. The main purpose of this facility is to identify the most important parameters affecting the whirlpools formation and evolution. Experimental tests and preliminary observations have been performed. Different vortex behaviours related to different experimental conditions have been identified and presented in the present paper. 2D occurrence maps as function of different dimensionless groups (Reynolds, Fronde and Weber numbers and H* = H/d ratio) have been defined. In the present paper, the results of a first experimental campaign, carried out with tap water, are discussed.