Development of Shale Gas in China and Treatment Options for Wastewater Produced from the Exploitation: Sustainability Lessons from the United States

Key technological breakthroughs, such as hydraulic fracturing (HF) and horizontal drilling, have facilitated the extraction of shale gas. The boost of the shale gas industry has changed global energy markets and led to a decline in natural gas and oil price. Endowed with massive shale gas resources, China is ambitious to develop its shale gas industry, driven by growing energy demand and critical environmental conditions. However, an increasing number of pollution problems coming along with extraction has threatened our environment with atmospheric pollution, water risk, induced seismicity, occupational health, safety, and so on. Because HF needs millions of tons of water and produces a large quantity of effluents, water management becomes one of the most threatened problems. Also, wastewater treatment has become a key factor restricting the development of China's shale gas industry. In response, international and domestic enterprises have developed a variety of management processes, which are divided into three categories: reinjection, reuse in hydraulic fracturing, and discharge after treatment. In this paper we first summarize Chinese shale gas development, then analyze the production of shale gas wastewater through major extraction techniques. Finally, a review was conducted on current wastewater treatments utilized in China, and advice is offered for future treatment techniques.