Evidence That Loss-of-Function Filaggrin Gene Mutations Evolved in Northern Europeans to Favor Intracutaneous Vitamin D3 Production

被引:44
作者
Thyssen, Jacob P. [1 ]
Bikle, Daniel D. [2 ,3 ]
Elias, Peter M. [4 ,5 ]
机构
[1] Univ Copenhagen, Dept Dermatoallergol, Natl Allergy Res Ctr, Gentofte Univ Hosp, Hellerup, Denmark
[2] UC San Francisco, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Serv Endocrinol, San Francisco, CA USA
[3] UC San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA USA
[4] UC San Francisco, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dermatol Serv, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
[5] UC San Francisco, Dept Dermatol, San Francisco, CA USA
关键词
Filaggrin; Human evolution; Pigmentation; Skin color; Vitamin D3; ICHTHYOSIS VULGARIS; LIGHT SKIN; EVOLUTION; PIGMENTATION; EXPOSURE; CASPASE-14; ALLELES; PROTEIN; ECZEMA; NO;
D O I
10.1007/s11692-014-9282-7
中图分类号
Q [生物科学];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
Skin pigmentation lightened progressively to a variable extent, as modern humans emigrated out of Africa, but extreme lightening occurred only in northern Europeans. Yet, loss of pigmentation alone cannot suffice to sustain cutaneous vitamin D3 (VD3) formation at the high latitudes of northern Europe. We hypothesized that loss-of-function mutations in the epidermal structural protein, filaggrin (FLG), could have evolved to sustain adequate VD3 status. Loss of FLG results in reduced generation of trans-urocanic acid, the principal endogenous ultraviolet-B (UV-B) filter in lightly-pigmented individuals. Accordingly, we identified a higher prevalence of FLG mutations in northern European populations when compared to more southern European, Asian and African populations that correlates significantly with differences in circulating 25-OH-VD3 levels in these same populations. By allowing additional UV-B penetration and intracutaneous VD3 formation, the latitude-dependent gradient in FLG mutations, likely together with other concurrent mutations in VD3 metabolic pathways, provide a non-pigment-based mechanism that sustains higher levels of circulating VD3 in northern Europeans. At the time that FLG mutations evolved, xerosis due to FLG deficiency was a lesser price to pay for enhanced VD3 production. Yet, the increase in FLG mutations has inadvertently contributed to an epidemic of atopic diseases that has emerged in recent decades.
引用
收藏
页码:388 / 396
页数:9
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