Towards genome-wide prediction and characterization of enhancers in plants

Enhancers are important cis-regulatory DNA elements that regulate transcription programs by recruiting transcription factors and directing them to the promoters of target genes in a cell-type/tissue-specific manner. The expression of a gene can be regulated by one or multiple enhancers at different developmental stages and/or in different tissues. Enhancers are difficult to identify because of their unpredictable positions relative to their cognate promoters. Remarkably, only a handful of enhancers have been identified in plant species largely due to the lack of general approaches for enhancer identification. Extensive genomic and epigenomic research in mammalian species has revealed that the genomic locations of enhancers can be predicted based on the binding sites of transcriptional co-factors and several distinct features associated with open chromatin. Here we review the methodologies used in enhancer prediction in mammalian species. We also review the recent applications of these methodologies in Arabidopsis thaliana and discuss the future directions of enhancer identification in plants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Gene Regulatory Mechanisms and Networks, edited by Dr. Erich Grotewold and Dr. Nathan Springer. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.