The cross-species antiviral activities of different IFN-τ subtypes on bovine, murine, and human cells:: Contradictory evidence for therapeutic potential

It is claimed that interferon-tau (IFN-tau) has broad cross-species reactivity and less cytotoxicity than other type I IFN when used at high concentration either in vitro or in living animals. It can also amelioriate the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) without the usual side effects of IFN therapy in mice autoimmunized with myelin basic protein. For these reasons, IFN-tau may have therapeutic potential in humans. Here, the antiviral (AV) activities of eight different recombinant IFN-tau were compared with those of several bovine, human, and murine type I IFN on bovine MDBK cells, murine L929 cells, and human WISH cells. The data show that only one of the IFN-tau, OvIFN-tau 4, has broad cross-species reactivity, It was comparable in this respect to HuIFN-omega 1 and HuIFN-alpha 1. The other IFN-tau, including the variant form (OvIFN-tau 1mod) tested by others in cytotoxicity experiments and for its ability to protect mice against EAF, had relatively weak AV activity on mouse and human cells. It is possibly because this particular bioengineered form of IFN-tau binds the common type I receptor of these two species with such low affinity that it lacks cytotoxic effects. The basis for its potent anti-EAE activity is unclear, but it seems possible that it does not involve the type I IFN receptor.