An influence of temperature on the lithium ions behavior for starch-based carbon compared to graphene anode for LIBs by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

The main aim of this research is the evaluation of the diffusion coefficient, ionic conductivity of carbon-based anode materials (graphene and carbon from corn starch (CSC)) at different temperature conditions. This serves to appraise those materials for the more demanding cell conditions and reducing the explosiveness of the battery. Additionally, the very innovative part of the research is the designation of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for two different models for lithium ions diffusion during the charge of the half-cell. The activation energy of the diffusion process has the values in the range of 37.37-39.95 kJ mol(-1) for CSC compared to graphene (43.80-46.38 kJ mol(-)(1)). Additionally, the lithiation process is thermodynamically endothermic and forced. The use of the carbon based on the corn starch as the anode material is connected with the "Green Chemistry" aspect, which improves the availability of materials, biodegradability and cost of the system. All investigations were carried out using the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), what also shows the possibilities of this technique to evaluate the important parameters during the work of the cell and optimization, and the thermodynamic and kinetic response of the system against different conditions.