The Diagnostic Challenge of Acquired Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Children: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disease in children. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, acquired TTP remains a challenging disease due to the lack of a simple diagnostic test and the variable response to plasma exchange. Herein, we describe a case of a 5-year-old of black ethnicity boy who presented with a sudden onset of fatigue and body aches. Laboratory investigations revealed a thrombotic microangiopathic manifestation. TTP was diagnosed, and plasma exchange and corticosteroids were initiated, with an excellent response. Subsequently, reduced disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospodin-2-like repeats (ADAMTS-13) activity and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were confirmed. Antiretroviral treatment was started as long-term management. At last follow-up, he continues in stable remission.