Over-the-counter availability of antimicrobial agents, self-medication and patterns of resistance in Karachi, Pakistan

被引:43
|
作者
Strum, AW
vanderPol, R
Smits, AJ
vanHellemondt, FM
Mouton, SW
Jamil, B
Minai, AM
Sampers, GHMA
机构
[1] AGA KHAN UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,KARACHI,PAKISTAN
[2] RIJKS UNIV UTRECHT,SCH MED,UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS
[3] GROEPSPRAKTYKT ROSENDAEL,ROERMOND,NETHERLANDS
关键词
D O I
10.1093/jac/39.4.543
中图分类号
R51 [传染病];
学科分类号
100401 ;
摘要
To determine whether the free availability of antimicrobial agents leads to misuse through self-medication, a house-to-house semi-structured interview was held in three different socio-economic areas of Karachi, Pakistan. Of the 2348 households visited, 1342 (57%) participated; this included 9209 individuals. Three hundred and twenty-two (3.5%) had used one or more antimicrobial in the previous 4 weeks, equivalent to 43 agents per 1000 persons per month. The most frequently used agents were amoxycillin (16.7%), co-trimoxazole (15.7%), erythromycin (10.9%), ampicillin/cloxacillin (Ampiclox, 9.1%) and metronidazole (4.5%). Of these, 91.4% were prescribed by a physician, 2.3% were advised by a chemist and 6.3% were used as self-medication. Self-medication increased with socio-economic status. High levels of resistance were found to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. If these high resistance levels are related to the high frequency of antimicrobial use, over-the-counter availability cannot be held responsible. Education of the medical profession seems to be the single most important tool to control misuse of antimicrobial agents. Innovative approaches for continuous medical education are urgently needed.
引用
收藏
页码:543 / 547
页数:5
相关论文
共 50 条
  • [31] Antifungal resistance and over-the-counter availability in the UK: a current perspective
    Hudson, MMT
    JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY, 2001, 48 (03) : 345 - 350
  • [32] Self-medication with over-the-counter drugs among consumers: a cross-sectional survey in a Southwestern State in Nigeria
    Akande-Sholabi, Wuraola
    Akinyemi, Olamide Olubodunde
    BMJ OPEN, 2023, 13 (05):
  • [33] IL-10 Gene Polymorphisms and Self-Medication With Over-the-Counter Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
    Walsh, Stephen J.
    BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH FOR NURSING, 2017, 19 (03) : 329 - 338
  • [34] Assessment of Self-medication Practices During COVID-19 Pandemic in Hyderabad and Karachi, Pakistan
    Arain, Mudassar Iqbal
    Shahnaz, Saira
    Anwar, Ramesha
    Anwar, Khurram
    SUDAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, 2021, 16 (03): : 347 - 354
  • [35] Evaluation of Self-medication Practice along with Prescribed Medicines among the Local Population of Karachi, Pakistan
    Ahmed, Tahseen
    Mangi, Altaf Ali
    Ahmed, Waqar
    Abbas, Jabbar
    Shaikh, Bilawal
    Qazi, Maryam
    Irfan, Rao
    Ahmer, Arslan
    Muhammad, Shaib
    Rizvi, Syed Shafqat Ali Shah
    JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL, 2020, 32 (42) : 28 - 34
  • [36] Over-the-counter medication patterns in households in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
    Zaghloul, Ashraf Ahmad
    Elsergany, Moetaz
    Abou El-Enein, Nagwa
    Alsuwaidi, Hamda
    Ayoub, Mohamed
    RISK MANAGEMENT AND HEALTHCARE POLICY, 2014, 7 : 19 - 24
  • [37] Prevalence and associated risk factors of self-medication with over-the-counter medicines among university students in the United Arab Emirates
    Al-Kubaisi, Khalid A.
    Hassanein, Mohammed M.
    Abduelkarem, Abduelmula R.
    PHARMACY PRACTICE-GRANADA, 2022, 20 (03):
  • [38] Over-the-counter medication availability could augment self-management of male lower urinary tract symptoms
    Roehrborn, Claus G.
    Miner, Martin M.
    Sadovsky, Richard
    POSTGRADUATE MEDICINE, 2018, 130 (05) : 452 - 460
  • [39] Elderly Consumers' Perceptions on Self-medication Using Over the Counter Medicines
    Chatziathanasiou, Dimitra
    Chalikias, Miltiadis
    Skordoulis, Michalis
    CREATIVITY IN INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGIES AND DATA SCIENCE, (CIT&DS), 2017, 754 : 795 - 804
  • [40] Self-administration of over-the-counter medication for pain among adolescents
    Chambers, CT
    Reid, GJ
    McGrath, PJ
    Finley, GA
    ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE, 1997, 151 (05): : 449 - 455