Effect of surfactants on the aggregation and sedimentation of zinc oxide nanomaterial in natural water matrices

( The wide application of surfactants and engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in industrial and consumer products lead to the high possibility of their co-presence in natural water environment, making it important to study the effect of surfactants on the environmental behavior and fate of ENMs. In this work, we selected an anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO, Tergitol NP-9) to study their effects on the aggregation and sedimentation of a 20 nm ZnO ENM in different water matrices. The adsorption of SDS and NP-9 by ZnO ENM were fitted with Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacities were 43.73 +/- 4.62 mg/g and 13.79 +/- 1.09 respectively. As the surfactant concentration increased from 0 to 0.030% (m:v), SDS reduced the zeta potential of ZnO ENM from 17.56 +/- 2.13 to -27.96 +/- 2.59 mV, whereas NP-9 did not affect the zeta potential. After a 24-h batch reactor experiment, SD5 and NP-9 reduced 93.02% and 80.26% of the aggregate size of ZnO ENM (50 mg L-1) in maximum at surfactant concentrations >= 0.015%. The ZnO ENM was not stable in natural aqueous matrices, mainly because of the relatively high ionic strength. However, surfactants were found to reduce the aggregation and sedimentation of ZnO ENM in six natural water matrices in different degrees. With the presence of 0.030% SDS in tap water, maximum reduction rates of aggregate size and sedimentation were recorded as 69.54% and 26.69%, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the presence of surfactants may alter the behaviors and fate of ENMs in natural water environment. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.