Requirements for static and dynamic higher order B0 shimming of the human breast at 7 T

The increased magnetic susceptibility effects at higher magnetic fields increase the demands for shimming of the B-0 field for in vivo MRI and MRS. Both static and dynamic techniques have been developed to compensate for susceptibility-induced field inhomogeneities. In this study, we investigate the impact of and need for both static and dynamic higher order B-0 shimming of magnetic field homogeneities in clinical breast MRI at 7 T. Both global and local field variations at lipid-tissue interfaces were observed in the magnetic field using TE-optimized B-0 mapping at 7 T. With static B-0 shimming, a field homogeneity of 39 +/- 11 Hz (n = 48) was reached in a single breast using second-order shimming. Further compensation of the residual local field inhomogeneities caused by lipid-tissue interfaces does not seem to be feasible with shallow spherical harmonic fields. For bilateral shimming, the shimming quality was significantly less at 62 +/- 15 Hz (n = 22) over both breasts, even after (simulated) fourth-order shimming. In addition, a substantial time-dependent field instability of 30 Hz peak to peak, with significant higher order field contributions, was observed during regular breathing. In conclusion, TE-optimized B-0 field mapping reveals substantial field variations in the lipid-rich environment of the human breast, in both space and time. The static field variations could be partially minimized by third-order B-0 shimming, providing sufficient lipid suppression. However, in order to fully benefit from the increased spectral dispersion at high fields, the significant magnetic field variations during breathing need to be considered. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.