Modeling and demand-based control of responsive building envelope with integrated thermal mass and active thermal insulations

The static nature of current envelope design and operation is diametric to the mutable and transient forces and energies acting on our building stocks. Responsive building envelopes (or RBEs) have shown substantial energy saving potential for buildings by adaptively providing passive cooling/heating. In this research, an easy-to-implement yet flexible 'demand-based' control rule is proposed based on demand analysis to optimally control RBEs that integrate active insulation systems (AISs) and a sensible thermal energy storage (TES) layer. The controller developed herein calculates the desired thermal resistance for AIS layers and provides on-demand control of the heat flow into and out of the thermal mass to reduce AC load. It provides several benefits over the simple temperature-based controllers while does not require the complex formulation as needed for model predictive control. To quantify the thermal behavior and energy performance, a thermal network model is developed for RBEs to perform wholebuilding energy simulations of a residential thermal zone in six representative cities in the US. The results show apparent benefits of demand-based control strategy over traditional temperature-based control by offering higher energy savings and LPD reduction, especially in mild climate zones and during transitional seasons. Some design and implementation considerations for REBs with integrated AISs and TES are also discussed.(c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.