Ketamine to treat super-refractory status epilepticus

Objective To test ketamine infusion efficacy in the treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE), we studied patients with SRSE who were treated with ketamine retrospectively. We also studied the effect of high doses of ketamine on brain physiology as reflected by invasive multimodality monitoring (MMM). Methods We studied a consecutive series of 68 patients with SRSE who were admitted between 2009 and 2018, treated with ketamine, and monitored with scalp EEG. Eleven of these patients underwent MMM at the time of ketamine administration. We compared patients who had seizure cessation after ketamine initiation to those who did not. Results Mean age was 53 +/- 18 years and 46% of patients were female. Seizure burden decreased by at least 50% within 24 hours of starting ketamine in 55 (81%) patients, with complete cessation in 43 (63%). Average dose of ketamine infusion was 2.2 +/- 1.8 mg/kg/h, with median duration of 2 (1-4) days. Average dose of midazolam was 1.0 +/- 0.8 mg/kg/h at the time of ketamine initiation and was started at a median of 0.4 (0.1-1.0) days before ketamine. Using a generalized linear mixed effect model, ketamine was associated with stable mean arterial pressure (odds ratio 1.39, 95% confidence interval 1.38-1.40) and with decreased vasopressor requirements over time. We found no effect on intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, or cerebral perfusion pressure. Conclusion Ketamine treatment was associated with a decrease in seizure burden in patients with SRSE. Our data support the notion that high-dose ketamine infusions are associated with decreased vasopressor requirements without increased intracranial pressure. Classification of evidence This study provides Class IV evidence that ketamine decreases seizures in patients with SRSE.