Adolescence and schizophrenia

Whilst early onset schizophrenias are rare all studies show a clear increase in the incidence and prevalence of the disorder from the age of 15 onwards. The clinical picture in adolescence is similar to that described in adults although the diagnosis of schizophrenia at this age is still difficult, as the disorder shares many common symptoms with the affective psychoses (particularly with bipolar disorder). Some clinical features, the premorbid history and past family history can help with the differential diagnosis in this situation. Studies on the fate of schizophrenic adolescents show that the disorder has particularly harmful consequences on the individuals' development and psychosocial adaptation. The risk of suicide or accidental death are highlighted. This may be partly explained by the progressive deterioration of cognitive function seen, with the progression and the prevalence of co-morbid disorders (conduct disorders, substance abuse). Paradoxically there are few objective data available as yet about the efficacy of the different treatment strategies offered; medical and psychotherapeutic, behavioural or psychosocial. Whilst early intervention programmes for adolescents at high risk of schizophrenia have been introduced, their utility and efficacy remain to be shown.