Sodium Storage Mechanism Investigations through Structural Changes in Hard Carbons

被引:96
作者
Alptekin, Hande [1 ]
Au, Heather [1 ]
Jensen, Anders C. S. [1 ,2 ,3 ]
Olsson, Emilia [1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ]
Goktas, Mustafa [5 ]
Headen, Thomas F. [6 ]
Adelhelm, Philipp [5 ]
Cai, Qiong [4 ]
Drew, Alan J. [2 ,3 ]
Titirici, Maria-Magdalena [1 ]
机构
[1] Imperial Coll London, Dept Chem Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England
[2] Queen Mary Univ London, Sch Phys & Astron, London E1 4NS, England
[3] Queen Mary Univ London, Mat Sci & Mat Res Inst, London E1 4NS, England
[4] Univ Surrey, Dept Chem & Proc Engn, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England
[5] Humboldt Univ, Dept Chem, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
[6] Rutherford Appleton Lab, STFC, ISIS Pulsed Neutron & Muon Source, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England
基金
英国工程与自然科学研究理事会;
关键词
hard carbon; sodium-ion batteries; storage mechanism; electrochemical dilatometry; green energy; sustainable materials; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY-STORAGE; INITIO MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; AB-INITIO; ION BATTERIES; ELECTRODE MATERIALS; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; ANODE MATERIAL; INTERCALATION;
D O I
10.1021/acsaem.0c01614
中图分类号
O64 [物理化学(理论化学)、化学物理学];
学科分类号
070304 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Hard carbons, due to their relatively low cost and good electrochemical performance, are considered the most promising anode materials for Na-ion batteries. Despite the many reported structures of hard carbon, the practical use of hard carbon anodes is largely limited by low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), and the sodium storage mechanism still remains elusive. A better understanding of the sodium-ion behavior in hard carbon anodes is crucial to develop more efficient sodium-ion batteries. Here, a series of hard carbon materials with tailored morphology and surface functionality was synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization and subsequent pyrolysis from 1000 to 1900 degrees C. Electrochemical results revealed different sodiation-desodiation trends in the galvanostatic potential profiles and varying ICE and were compared with theoretical studies to understand the effect of the varying hard carbon structure on the sodium storage process at different voltages. Furthermore, electrode expansion during cycling was investigated by in situ dilatometry; to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the technique has been applied to hard carbons for ion storage mechanism investigation in Na-ion batteries. Combining experimental and theoretical results, we propose a model for sodium storage in our hard carbons that consist of Na-ion storage at defect sites and by intercalation in the high voltage slope region and via pore filling in the low voltage plateau region; these findings are important for the design of future electrode materials with high capacity and efficiency.
引用
收藏
页码:9918 / 9927
页数:10
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