Global Civil Aviation Black Carbon Emissions

被引：73

作者：

Stettler, Marc E. J. ^{[1
,2
]}

Boies, Adam M. ^{[1
]}

Petzold, Andreas ^{[3
]}

Barrett, Steven R. H. ^{[2
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Cambridge, Dept Engn, Energy Efficient Cities Initiat, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England

[2] MIT, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Lab Aviat & Environm, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA

[3] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res, D-52425 Julich, Germany

来源：

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY | 2013年 / 47卷 / 18期

基金：

英国工程与自然科学研究理事会;

关键词：

PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS; PUBLIC-HEALTH IMPACTS; CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; PARTICLE EMISSIONS; SOOT FORMATION; AIR-QUALITY; AIRCRAFT;

D O I：

10.1021/es401356v

中图分类号：

X [环境科学、安全科学];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0830 ;

摘要：

Aircraft black carbon (BC) emissions contribute to climate forcing, but few estimates of BC emitted by aircraft at cruise exist. For the majority of aircraft engines the only BC-related measurement available is smoke number (SN)-a filter based optical method designed to measure near-ground plume visibility, not mass. While the first order approximation (FOA3) technique has been developed to estimate BC mass emissions normalized by fuel bum [EI(BC)] from SN, it is shown that it underestimates EI(BC) by >90% in 35% of directly measured cases (R-2 = -0.10). As there are no plans to measure BC emissions from all existing certified engines-which will be in service for several decades-it is necessary to estimate EI(BC) for existing aircraft on the ground and at cruise. An alternative method, called FOX, that is independent of the SN is developed to estimate BC emissions. Estimates of EI(BC) at ground level are significantly improved (R-2 = 0.68), whereas estimates at cruise are within 30% of measurements. Implementing this approach for global civil aviation estimated aircraft BC emissions are revised upward by a factor of similar to 3. Direct radiative forcing (RF) due to aviation BC emissions is estimated to be similar to 9.5 mW/m(2), equivalent to similar to 1/3 of the current RF due to aviation CO2 emissions.

引用

页码：10397 / 10404

页数：8

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