Silver nanoparticle-induced developmental inhibition of Drosophila melanogaster accompanies disruption of genetic material of larval neural stem cells and non-neuronal cells

A few studies had determined the effects of silver nanoparticles on the development of Drosophila melanogaster. However, none had addressed its genotoxic effects on specific larval cells of the fly in details. This study was conducted to determine the effects of silver nanoparticle on the development of D. melanogaster with simultaneous evaluation of its genotoxic potential on specific larval cell types that play important roles in immunological defenses as well as growth and development. Five male and five female flies were maintained in standard Drosophila melanogaster culture medium containing varying concentrations of silver nanoparticles, i.e., 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg/l with control culture medium containing no nanoparticle. Total time needed for stage-specific development, population yield, and genotoxic effects on third instar larval polytene chromosomes, hemocytes, and neuroblasts was determined. Body pigmentation of pupae and young adults was examined visually. In comparison with control, silver nanoparticles dose dependently inhibited the metamororphosis and population yields of pupae and young adults of Drosophila melanogaster. Every concentration of the nanoparticles inhibited pupa to adult conversion, with huge reduction under the influence of nanoparticle concentration of 100 mg/ml and above. Developmental inhibition was accompanied by dose-dependent and significant structural aberrations of larval polytene chromosomes and deformities of hemocytes and neuroblasts. Pupae and young adults also exhibited gradual discoloration of body with the increase in exposure to nanoparticle concentration.