Methodology of a combined approach: analytical techniques to identify the technology and raw materials used in thin-walled pottery from Herculaneum and Pompeii

This study focuses on defining compositional and structural characteristics, identifying raw materials and production technology, and validating the archaeological hypothesis of a local production of thin-walled pottery (2(nd) cent. BC-3(rd) cent. AD) in the Vesuvian area. Samples investigated were analysed using OM, SEM-EDS, XRD and LA-ICPMS supported by a statistical multivariate treatment of the compositional data of the ceramic bodies. The results obtained show how an integrated approach of analytical techniques can provide answers to archaeological questions and also give a valuable insight into the exchange of raw materials and/or finished products between sites. The paper also discloses how a combined analytical methodology represents a positive step in answering the one question which remains unsolved concerning the entire ceramic production in the Vesuvian area: the provenance of the clayey raw materials used. Indeed, the massive pottery production in the Bay of Naples down the ages contrasts with the unavailability of the necessary clayey local resources.