In vitro regeneration and improving kaempferol accumulation in blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) callus and suspension cultures

Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) is a multipurpose crop that can be used for herbal medicinal purpose, culinary, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes. This fruit's high quantity and variety of anthocyanins, polyphenols and antioxidant compounds exactly reflect well for its health benefits. Plant polyphenols have been found to influence molecular activities in a positive way.The aim of this study is to preserve blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) by in vitro propagation using shoot tips, direct organogenesis, indirect organogenesis, production of kaempferol, one of the plant's main active constituents, and increasing their quantity using precursor feeding.A maximum growth and development occurred only in the BA of the multiplication, but at 2ip or TDZ, a reduction in mean number of axillary shoots/explant was caused. At 0.75 mg/l TDZ, the maximum mean number of adventitious shoots/explant and organogenesis frequency was produced. Best callus induction was achieved on MS medium with 1.0 mg/l TDZ under total darkness. The amount of cytokinin in the culture media has a big impact on the quantity and frequency of shoot inductions. MS medium supplemented with 0.50 mg/l TDZ formed the most adventitious buds (13.1) and had the highest adventitious buds formation percentage (90 %). The highest rooting percentage of Rubus fruticosus L. (91%) was obtained on MS medium with 1.00 mg/l IBA plus 0.50 mg/l NAA. In addition, it was found that suspension culture containing MS medium with 1.0 mg/l TDZ along with tyrosine at a concentration of 66.07 mu M enhanced production of kaempferol (5.7- fold), compared to control.