Nanostructuring of zirconium by femtosecond laser irradiation in the ambient environment of air and ethanol

The formation of nanoscale structures, variation in structural and mechanical properties of zirconium has been investigated. For this purpose Ti: sapphire laser (800 nm, 30 fs, 1 kHz) was employed for varying number of laser pulses ranging from 500 to 2000, at a fluence of 3.6 J/cm(2) in ambient environments of air and ethanol. The surface morphology of irradiated zirconium samples was investigated by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). SEM analysis shows the formation of various features including nanoscale Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS), conical structures, droplets, pores and cavities. Relatively fine LIPSS with significantly less periodicity are formed in liquid environment because of the confinement effects of liquid. EDS analysis exhibits variation in chemical composition along with enhanced diffusion of oxygen under both ambient conditions. The crystal structure and phase analysis of the exposed targets were explored by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy techniques, respectively. XRD analysis confirms presence of various phases of oxides of zirconium after ablation in both air and ethanol. Raman analysis supports the EDS and XRD results. It also reveals the presence of oxides after irradiation in both air and ethanol environments. Convective motion of bubbles and pressure gradient because of confinement effects of liquid accompanied with creation of oxides is attributable for the development of nanoscale structures. Nanohardness measurement shows an increase in nanohardness with increase in number of laser pulses after irradiation in air ambient whereas, in case of ethanol decrease in nanohardness is observed. (C) 2017 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.