Benzenediamine analog FC-99 inhibits TLR2 and TLR4 signaling in peritoneal macrophage in vitro

Aim: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disorder, characterized by abnormally increased expression of Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 in the colon and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages. Main methods: In the present study, we explored the effect of FC-99, a novel benzenediamine analog, on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis and investigated its potential mechanism. Key findings: The results revealed that FC-99 improved the colon morphology and the clinical parameters in DSS-induced mouse colitis. FC-99 inhibited the increase of DSS-induced T helper cells (Th) 1 and Th17 and enhanced the number of regulatory T cells (Treg) in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), but had no effect on Th2 cells. FC-99 also suppressed the DSS-induced secretion of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the colon and hindered the infiltration of macrophages into colon lamina propria. Flow cytometric analysis also confirmed that FC-99 reduced CD11b(+)F4/80(+) colon macrophages, and down-regulated TNF-alpha level in situ. Moreover, FC-99 inhibited concentration-dependently the expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in vitro from mouse peritoneal macrophages, which were induced by TLR ligands: PamCSK4 and peptidoglycan (PGN, TLR2 ligand) as well as LPS (TLR4 ligand). Of note, FC-99 also suppressed the activation of TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways and the downstream nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) in the DSS-induced mouse colitis. Significance: FC-99 improved the condition of DSS-induced mouse colitis by inhibiting the activation of TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways in macrophage. These results suggest that FC-99 may be developed as a new therapeutic drug for IBD. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.