Interface engineering strategy of a Ti4O7 ceramic membrane via graphene oxide nanoparticles toward efficient electrooxidation of 1,4-dioxane

Although Ti4O7 ceramic membrane has been recognized as one of the most promising anode materials for electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP), it suffers from relatively low hydroxyl radical ((OH)-O-center dot) production rate and high charge-transfer resistance that restricted its oxidation performance of organic pollutants. Herein, we reported an effective interface engineering strategy to develop a Ti4O7 reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) doped by graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONs), GONs@Ti4O7 REM, via strong GONs-O-Ti bonds. Results showed that 1% (wt%) GON doping on Ti4O7 REM significantly reduced the charge-transfer resistance from 73.87 to 8.42 omega compared with the pristine Ti4O7 REM, and yielded (OH)-O-center dot at 2.5-2.8 times higher rate. The 1,4-dioxane (1,4-D) oxidation rate in batch experiments by 1%GONs@Ti4O7 REM was 1.49x10(- 2) min(-1), 2 times higher than that of the pristine Ti4O7 REM (7.51x10(-3) min-1) and similar to that of BDD (1.79x10(- 2) min(-1)). The 1%GONs@Ti4O7 REM exhibited high stability after a polarization test of 90 h at 80 mA/cm(2), and within 15 consecutive cycles, its oxidation performance was stable (95.1-99.2%) with about 1% of GONs lost on the REM. In addition, REM process can efficiently degrade refractory organic matters in the groundwater and landfill leachate, the total organic carbon was removed by 54.5% with a single-pass REM. A normalized electric energy consumption per log removal of 1,4-D (EE/O) was observed at only 0.2-0.6 kWh/m(3). Our results suggested that chemical-bonded interface engineering strategy using GONs can facilitate the EAOP performance of Ti4O7 ceramic membrane with outstanding reactivity and stability.